I. The Life of Marx and Engels and Their Press and Publication Activities
Karl Marx (May 5, 1818—March 14, 1883) was born in Teller, an ancient city in southwest Germany. His father was an enlightened lawyer and his mother was a Dutch Jew. He graduated from the Law Department of the University of Berlin in 1841, and received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena in the same year. Friedrich engels (1820.11.28-1895.8.5) was born in Bamen, a small town in western Germany (now included in Wuppertal). My father is an apprentice textile industrialist. Without graduating from high school, I went to a business as an apprentice and taught myself. Worked as an artillery in Berlin for two years from 1841 to 1842. From 1850 to 1870, he was a merchant in Manchester, England.
"Rheinische Zeitung", founded by Marx, was actually the editor-in-chief in the later period (1842-1843), and Engels was the correspondent of the newspaper. New Rheinische Zeitung and New Rheinische Zeitung Review were founded by Marx and Engels, with Marx as the editor-in-chief (1848-1849 and 1850) and Engels as the main editor. New york Daily Tribune, written by Marx and Engels in 1851-1862; The New Encyclopedia of America was written by Marx and Engels in 1860-1861. They wrote articles for more than 200 newspapers and periodicals, and about 1500 newspapers and periodicals were mentioned in their works, of which The Times mentioned about 1000 times. 12 newspapers and periodicals founded or edited. I have planned to set up publishing houses and news agencies many times.
Second, Marx and Engels’ communication and news thoughtsThe concept of "world communication"
Marx and Engels were expelled by reactionaries from all over the world and finally fled to Britain to settle down. Therefore, we say that Marx and Engels have no motherland and are citizens of the world. Just because they are citizens of the world, they have a vision beyond national boundaries that other revolutionaries do not have to discuss the development of the whole mankind. In this case, Mann was able to observe from the highest angle.
At that time, the industrial revolutionary society was in a period of high tide. At that time, Marx predicted that the future society had four characteristics. The first feature is that the world’s production structure will change in the future, with information and service industries as the mainstay. This society is our present information society. Second, the labor structure of the future society will change. This sign is that manual labor will no longer be the mainstay, but intellectual labor will be the mainstay. Even at that time, Marx imagined that industry was to operate machines in a small room and then direct the whole production process. There is no one in this production process, and there is a certain distance between people and the production process. This machine is our computer now. Third, the structure of social resources will be based on information and knowledge. At that time, there were two main social resource structures: one was coal mine, the other was energy, and the other was the main raw material for cotton, light industry and heavy industry. At that time, Marx predicted that the resource structure of the future society is mainly information and knowledge, and that is our present society. There is also a fourth feature, that is, it is no longer the administrative organization that occupies the center of society, but the scientific organization and decision-making organization. That is to say, knowledge is dominant and think tanks are dominant. Intellectuals are actually the backbone of society. Now we are watching George W. Bush and Blair, which are very beautiful on TV. In fact, it is the think tank behind them that really determines the leadership level of a country.
Marx’s understanding of electronic media (mainly telegrams at that time) can be summed up as: destroying space with time. The only electronic media in the period of Marx and Engels was the telegraph, which was invented in 1844. When the first experiment was successful, the first sentence sent was "What did God create? God created human wisdom. " In 1847, when the telegraph was invented for several years before it was applied to society, Marx and Engels wrote it into one of the great representatives of productive forces created by the bourgeoisie, and they attached great importance to it. A few years later, the telegraph began to spread in Europe, and it was Marx who first reported the popularity of the telegraph in Britain and sent it as a message. Moreover, Marx said that the telegraph has turned the whole of Europe into a stock exchange, and railways and ships have expanded the means of communication and the possibility of exchange by a hundred times. This passage makes it easy for us to think of McLuhan’s words, which are completely consistent with McLuhan’s thoughts. McLuhan regards the whole earth as a global village, while Marx regards the whole Europe as a stock exchange. Why? Because Marx saw the telegram, which just appeared at that time.
By the time of McLuhan, the information dissemination technology was quite developed. At that time, there were two sources of economic crisis in the world, one was the United States and the other was India. Because the industrial center and political center at that time were Britain, the one-month voyage from Britain to the United States and the three-month voyage from Britain to India had to bypass the Cape of Good Hope. At that time, information transmission was very difficult, so many problems appeared. The biggest problem was the worldwide economic crisis, which often broke out because of the lack of information communication. Engels said that since the telegraph appeared, 90 percent of the world economic crisis has been eliminated. Because before the telegraph, for example, Britain needed cotton, and this message finally reached India, which desperately produced cotton. It has experienced a long time difference. Finally, cotton was produced and shipped to Britain, and suddenly there was a surplus of cotton, and a global economic crisis broke out. With the telegraph, we can cross mountains and rivers in a few seconds. So Marx summed up a passage, what is the nature of telegraph? Is to shorten the space with time. All electronic media in our school now have this feature. This will turn the world into a global village.
Third, in the 19th century, the communication between people and people, between nations, was very frequent. Our textbooks generally say that a certain country invaded us. If the missionaries from that country came to that country, it would be aggression and cultural aggression. This statement can’t be wrong, it’s a matter of perspective. Then let’s look at it from another perspective. At that time, Marx and Engels mentioned the exchanges between many European countries and third world countries. At that time, we thought differently from what we think now. For example, there was a war between the United States and Mexico, so it was a sentence that the United States invaded Mexico, but Engels said so. In America, we were very happy to see Mexico conquered by another country. This country has always been immersed in internal affairs, and it has been torn apart in the long-term civil war and lost all possibilities for development. Now it is forced to be involved in the historical movement, and it is in its development interest that Mexico will be under the guardianship of the United States. What’s the harm of getting rich California out of Mexico, which has no effect on her? What’s wrong with the energetic Americans fully exploiting the Jinsha mine there, increasing the means of circulation, concentrating the dense population along the Pacific coast in a short time, developing extensive trade, establishing several big cities, opening up ship traffic, and laying a railway from new york to San Francisco, so as to make the Pacific truly contact with modern civilization for the first time, and opening up a new direction for human trade for the third time in history?
After more than 150 years of proof, Engels’ words are completely correct. The land that once belonged to Mexico has become the richest place in the world. People all over the world want to run to that place. So that the United States built a long and long border wall on the Mexican border to prevent others from running there. This is the progress of mankind, not just the progress of the United States. In this sense, Marx and Engels stood higher than others. The same idea is also suitable for the relationship between the west and the east. In some of Marne’s books, it is mentioned that Britain invaded India, and Britain opened the door to China. It was very cruel for them to sneak into these countries, and at the same time, they thought that these invaders objectively played a role in spreading civilization.
Understanding of news1. Changes generate news.
In our textbooks, the definition of news generally adopts the report that Lu Dingyi’s news is a recent fact, but we know that 99% of the recent facts have no news value and it is impossible to report them all. So what is news? Marx said that changes produce news, and the fact that the cycle is repeated has no news value, only the fact that changes break the routine has news value.
2. News changes at different levels.
Marx mentioned that news has high season and low season, but the media have to publish news every day, which creates a new phenomenon. The headlines of newspapers sometimes know some news with low news value. Sometimes when major news comes out, relatively minor news can’t even be arranged on the page. At that time, a series of revolutions took place in the European continent in the 19th century, and a good newspaper like The Times appeared, which often reported some important news. Without these important news, The Times would be reluctant. Marx once said, without the French Revolution, the German uprising, the Italian uprising, the Hungarian war, the French shooting and the hanging in Austria, The Times had to live on the inferior goods in Smithfield market every day, the smoky and muddy roads in London, the rough coachman’s six bridges on the Thames, the vulgar cemetery infected with plague in the urban area, the disaster on the railway, the dirty mud and the fake scales in the London shopping mall and so on.
At that time, how unfortunate the Times will be! This passage is actually about the level of news, hard news, Italian riots, French revolution, these major events will definitely be the front page once they happen. But these things can’t always happen. What do you usually do? Only by those trivial social news. This situation is also very common in our modern newspapers, but sometimes we don’t do important news because of some problems in our values. For example, after the 911 incident, almost all the headlines in the world reported on the incident. On September 12, The New York Times used 28 editions of the news page, of which 27 editions contained only one piece of news, namely the 911 incident, and the last edition was an advertisement. In The New York Times, 40% of the advertisements are in the news pages. Why is this day handled like this? It is because it knows that this matter is too important. Only the People’s Daily in China, the front page headline is the news that Jiang Zemin is holding the torch and a relay race has started. The 911 report was put on the front page, and it was reported by President Jiang Zemin’s letter to the President of the United States. Even the picture of two skyscrapers being crashed by planes didn’t make the front page.
3. News timeliness.
Needless to say, news is effective. Everyone knows that news can’t be effective. Take a passage from Marx, which was said in the editorial No.179 of the first article written by Marx on October 15, 1842, the first day when he was editor-in-chief, and compared the differences between philosophy and newspapers at that time. He said that philosophy is to sit on the sofa and think about some strange problems. Newspapers are always ready for battle and enthusiastic about sensational current problems that need to be reported urgently. This is the general nature of newspapers. If you want to do newspaper work, you should always pay attention to the outside, and you don’t know when or what will happen. It’s been more than 150 years, and then watch our TV and our newspaper. The news is flying all over the sky a few days ago. The news of the other day is the news before today. What era have we entered, and our media is still the news a few days ago? Even if we shouldn’t do this to history, today’s news is tomorrow’s history. We must be responsible for history when writing, even if it is late, you can honestly write down the date and month.
4. The news is true.
Our textbook says that truth is the life of news. This is a cliche. In fact, we journalists all know that news can’t be completely true. Why? Because we asked to report it at the first time, can you make it clear? But it must be reported. So Marx compared this metaphor to an organic movement called newspaper. Organic is indivisible and continuous. This is the way newspaper works. After an incident, the first report has errors, and the subsequent continuous reports naturally correct the previous errors. This is not the fault of the newspaper, it is the professional feature of the newspaper. The final report should be completely true. If the final report is not true, it is a mistake of the newspaper. We have a problem now. Our continuous report is wrong in the front and has not been corrected in the later report. At present, only a few newspapers have more genuine editions, namely Manfang Metropolis Daily and Beijing News. A more genuine version like The New York Times is in the second edition.
5. "Newspapers are the necessary means of livelihood for workers."
When we study Marx and Engels’ thoughts, we always say that economic partisanship is the basic nature of newspapers. But we ignore that newspapers are the necessary means of livelihood for workers. This is from the perspective of people. People are different from animals and need spirit, while newspapers provide spirit. In this sense, Marx once said that the newspaper at that time was not a workers’ newspaper, but a casual newspaper at that time. In today’s peaceful times, it is still very important for newspapers to provide people with means of subsistence.
Party newspaper thought
"What is the task of the party journal? The first is to organize discussions, demonstrate, expound and defend the party’s demands, and refute and overthrow the delusions and judgments of hostile parties. " This passage is from the Complete Works of Engels and has been quoted by many people before and after. First of all, this party is not a workers’ party, but a petty bourgeoisie party in Germany. It is not a party magazine but a leaflet. Engels criticized others for not propagating, and the leaflets were divorced from reality. Now let’s make it clear that the organizational structure of the party in Engels’ period was different from that of today. At that time, there were only dozens to hundreds of people at the core of the party. Party member, on the other hand, recorded the number of people who voted for this party in the general election, so the number was extremely large. Therefore, the organizational structure at that time was more loose and open, and it was not as strict as it is now.
Marx and Engels’ working principles on the organ of Marxist workers’ political party are actually two. The first is that the party’s leading bodies, editorial departments and publishing houses of party newspapers should follow the "spirit of the party". The second point is that the Central Executive Committee of the Party "has the responsibility to supervise the principled position of the Party newspaper. The spirit of the party mainly refers to the program and articles of association resolutions adopted by the party congress. Marx and Engels believed that both the party’s leading bodies and the editorial department of the party newspaper would make mistakes, so they should follow one common thing, that is, the spirit of the party. Under this condition, there is another question. What is the relationship between the central organ of the Party and the editorial department of the newspaper? According to the regulations of party constitution at that time, the Central Executive Committee had the responsibility to supervise the principled position of party newspapers. Supervision, not leadership; Stand in principle, not report everything. In 1891, the central theoretical journal of the then German Social Democratic Party was called "New Era", which published Marx’s legacy, "Critique of the Geda Program", involving some party leaders who were still in power at that time. These leaders were very unhappy and announced that they would check "New Times". Engels wrote several letters after hearing about it, saying that trees can’t grow too high, which means don’t go too far.
Iii. Lenin’s life and publishing activities
Lenin was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) on April 22nd, 1870. Lenin’s original name was Vladimir ilych Ulyanov, and Lenin was a pseudonym. His father Ilya nikolayevich Ulyanov is the director of national education in Simbilsk province, and his mother Maria Alexandrovna is the daughter of a rural doctor. She has only received family education, but she is qualified as a primary school teacher, has read many books, is versatile and is good at foreign languages and music. Lenin also had a sister and a brother. His brother participated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander in 1887 and was arrested and sentenced to hang.
Lenin read through Das Kapital when he was fifteen and became a Marxist. In 1887, he entered the law department of Kazan University, and was expelled in the second year because of his revolutionary activities in the school. Self-study for four years. In December 1891, he passed the qualification examination for off-campus students and obtained the first-class diploma from the Law Department of Petersburg University. Moved to Petersburg in 1893. In 1895, the working class struggle association was founded. He was arrested in 1896 and exiled to Siberia. In exile, I met Crusca, a female revolutionary who was exiled with him, and fell in love and got married. Crusca can be said to be Lenin’s assistant, and she knows Lenin very well. Lenin met a very beautiful Boer Schewick member Inasha Armand in 1910. They fell in love at first sight and lived together. Among Lenin’s preserved letters, the most were addressed to her, totaling 125 letters, from 1898 to 1920. Lenin’s complete works in the second edition received 111 letters, and the addendum in the first volume received 14 letters.
Lenin founded many newspapers in his life, about forty kinds. Because czarist Russia was a highly centralized country, there were policemen everywhere, so the time of newspaper publication was generally short. Unlike Marx and Engels, who lived in Britain, where the press was free, Lenin’s tsarist Russia was a country with no freedom at all, so everything Lenin wrote was written for party newspapers and magazines, and there were rules in the party that it was not allowed to be given to non-party newspapers and magazines. One more thing, Lenin’s writing is all political opinions, and he has never written news. Therefore, Lenin only has the thought of party newspaper, but not news. But there is a newsletter in his newspaper.
There are two most important representative newspapers in which Lenin participated. The first is the Old Mars. In March 1898, the first congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party formulated the Workers’ Newspaper as the party’s organ newspaper. But within a few days, all the people involved in the party building work were arrested and the editorial department of the Workers’ Daily was destroyed. Lenin’s three articles for the Workers’ Daily were not discovered in the police station until after the victory of the revolution in 1917. Later, Lenin made up his mind to rebuild the newspaper. In 1900, Lenin Publishing Co-founded Old Mars with the Labor Liberation Society, with Lenin and plekhanov as editors-in-chief. Its main business is that Lenin is in charge and co-edited 52 issues. The main function of "Old Mars" is to connect the national Marxist groups in series through the publication of the newspaper and the correspondent system of the newspaper, thus convening the second party congress.
Another newspaper founded by Lenin is also very famous, Pravda. Pravda was founded by Lenin in Petersburg on May 5, 1912. Therefore, May 5th is the publishing festival of the former Soviet Union. Lenin could not return to China, so he moved to Krakow, the nearest Polish city to Petersburg, to remotely control the newspaper. Lenin published articles in newspapers almost every day, from 1912 to 1914. In 1914, due to the outbreak of World War I, the newspaper was forced to stop publishing. During this period, it was repeatedly interfered by tsarist Russia. This newspaper was reissued in March after the victory of the revolution in February 1917. Pravda is the designated organ of the Russian Socialist Workers’ Party (Boer Schewick). The Russian Socialist Workers’ Party (Boer Schewick) was renamed Russian communist party (Boer Schewick) in 1918, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics communist party (Boer Schewick) in 1925, the Soviet Union communist party in 1953 and the Soviet Union communist party in 1991.
Fourth, Lenin’s thought of party newspapers and periodicals1. Party spirit of the Party’s publications
The concept of party spirit was put forward by Lenin. In 1898-1903, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of communist party in the Soviet Union) did not have a central leading body of the party, and Marxist groups in various places acted on their own, resulting in the indifference of the "party" consciousness. At that time, in 1904, the Tsar was in a critical moment, Tsarist Russia was defeated, and there were many domestic crises. As an opposition party, this was a very good opportunity, but the Democratic Party was in a mess. Lenin was very anxious and put forward a slogan: change from group habits to party spirit. In other words, the opposite of party spirit is group habits. As a member of a party, we must have the principles of the party and the concept of the whole party. Lenin himself was an intellectual, and naturally wanted freedom and didn’t want to be controlled, but Lenin was also the leader of the party, so Lenin himself was very contradictory. At that time, Lenin looked at it from the standpoint of the party. The leader of Meng Er Schewick looked at the problem from the standpoint of intellectuals and advocated freedom. This incident also caused a struggle between the two factions.
So what is party spirit? This is a very empty concept. Lenin laid down three standards to measure party spirit. The first is the party’s program. That is, behavior and speech should conform to the party’s program. Second, the party’s constitution. It is the principle of organization, because there are always certain procedures in an organization, otherwise it will not be called an organization. Third, the party’s strategic decision. What are we going to do in the near future and what is our central task. It was also passed by everyone with their hands raised. This standard is very high. Lenin said that publications (including party newspapers, party journals, publishing houses, printing houses, libraries and newsstands, etc.) should follow the principle of party spirit and are the gears and screws of the whole social democratic machine.
All of the above are conceptually. Organizationally, party newspapers, party journals, publishing houses, printing houses, libraries and even writers themselves must join a party organization and accept the leadership of the corresponding organization. This was severely criticized at that time, because most of the party newspapers, journals, publishing houses, printing houses and libraries were owned by party member. They stressed that these things are mine, not the party’s. Lenin stressed that I admit that these things are yours, and I don’t want to deprive you of ownership, but your identity is party member, and these people are well-known in society and are all intellectuals. Everyone in the society knows that you are party member and think that what you say is what the party says. In this sense, the party newspapers, journals, publishing houses, printing houses and libraries you run should also be included in this organization. This is also a requirement of the principle of party spirit.
2. Lenin’s thought of freedom of the press
We now think that the socialist idea of freedom of the press means that communist party led the people to overthrow the reactionaries, confiscated the publishing houses and printing houses of the big bourgeoisie, and communist party published newspapers on behalf of the people. That’s what we do now. But in fact, Lenin did not think so. Lenin was a very extensive democratic practice. Forty days before the victory of the October Revolution, on September 28th, 1917, Lenin published an article in Pravda, the then central organ newspaper, entitled "On constitutional conference’s Success (Freedom of the Press)". This article is devoted to freedom of the press. Lenin mentioned in his article that our revolution will soon win. After the victory, we in communist party will first overthrow the bourgeoisie and confiscate the publishing houses and printing houses of the big bourgeoisie. The key is what to do after confiscation? Lenin said that the state should be given first, and the political power belongs to the people. Secondly, it is given to the big party (plural) that won 100,000-200,000 votes in the two capitals. Third, given a certain number of citizen groups (for example, more than 10,000 people), they should also have freedom of the press and should be allocated paper and printing equipment.
On the second day after the victory of the revolution, Lenin drafted a resolution on publication, followed by brackets: for example, more than 100 thousand people. In order to prevent others from taking advantage of loopholes. Because seven or eight people are also groups, and tens of thousands of people are also groups, it is impossible to distribute paper and printing equipment equally. Lenin’s thoughts are actually influenced by western democratic thoughts. After Lenin went abroad in 1900, he lived in Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Poland and Finland. He made full use of the freedom of the press and the freedom of the press in western countries. Lenin’s activity experience determined his ideological democratization. However, after returning to Russia, Russia is a highly feudal and centralized country, and it has to be autocratic, so Lenin is also very contradictory in this respect. Therefore, after the October Revolution, there were activities to seal up newspapers and periodicals, and many people were worried that it would undermine the freedom of the press. When Lenin announced the announcement, he promised that "once the new order is consolidated, all administrative measures that are not conducive to newspapers and periodicals will be abolished. According to the most extensive and progressive provisions in this regard, the press will be fully free within the scope of being responsible for the law." That is to say, news management is not ruled by man but by law. But Lenin’s idea didn’t come true. The reason is that Lenin neglected that Russia is a highly feudal and centralized country. Once in power, it was ruled by three parties, namely, Boer Schewick Party, Meng Schewick Party and Social Revolutionary Party, which Lenin called socialist parties. But none of these three parties wants multi-party governance, but one-party dictatorship. All three parties can publish very freely,This situation ended at the end of 1918, leaving only the Boer Schewick Party. This ending was unexpected by Lenin, so the situation envisioned by Lenin only lasted for half a year. After the implementation of the new economic policy, more than 400 kinds of private newspapers appeared in Soviet Russia. Lenin was in poor health at this time. He did not object to these newspapers, but just wanted to standardize the supervision policy.
3. Lenin on the tasks of Soviet newspapers and periodicals
Lenin put forward two important points:
A. Set an example of a model labor commune: "We can and will be able to make the example power become an example of a labor organization that is moral first and compulsory second in the new Soviet Russia." We should set an example and set an example of an advanced commune, which is compulsory rather than voluntary.
B. set up a "black list" in newspapers and periodicals. Blacklist is equivalent to the supervision of public opinion, and a column is set up to criticize backwardness.
The background of his proposal is that the compulsory labor commune system, that is, the communist experiment, was implemented in March 1918, requiring everyone to participate in the labor commune, canceling commodity exchange, actually canceling currency, gradually eliminating family labor, and implementing public canteens. On this basis, newspapers also abolished the purchase system and promoted the distribution system, which Lenin thought was a step towards communism. At that time, Lenin’s understanding of newspapers and periodicals was obviously wrong. He also said: "Let the so-called daily news materials in our newspapers and periodicals be reduced to one tenth (if it can be reduced to one percent, it would be better), and let those newspapers and periodicals that introduce the exemplary deeds of a few advanced labor communes in China widely sell hundreds or millions!" Newspapers praise the advanced.
Fortunately, Lenin realized his mistakes in time and corrected them. From the end of 1920 to the beginning of 1921, Lenin admitted his mistakes, canceled the communist experiment, implemented the new economic policy, resumed commodity exchange and currency, and resumed the subscription system of newspapers and periodicals. During the period of new economic policy, hundreds of private publishing houses and newspapers appeared, but disappeared after 1925. In March 1922, he opposed the adoption of a resolution prohibiting Pravda from advertising at the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Lenin admitted that a central organ newspaper like Pravda can also operate.
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4. News activities of Mao Zedong and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation in China
In October 1918, Mao Zedong joined the "Peking University Journalism Research Association", the first journalism academic group in China. After attending classes for half a year, Mao Zedong was deeply impressed by Shao Piaoping. Therefore, Mao Zedong knows journalism. Mao Zedong also edited Xiangjiang Review Weekly. In fact, he is the only one in this weekly. He made the manuscript all the way to school, and only a few manuscripts were written by others. Mao Zedong also understands a social newspaper. He participated in the editing of Hunan Ta Kung Pao from November 1919 to December 1922.
Besides Mao Zedong, we should understand Mao Zedong’s news thoughts as those of the first generation of proletarian revolutionaries. So I have to mention Liu Shaoqi. Liu Shaoqi first joined the Russian Communist Party in 1921, at the Oriental Communist University. After the founding of the Communist Party of China, at the end of 1921, he became party member of the Communist Party of China. In 1922, he and Comrade Li Lisan returned to China to lead the Anyuan coal mine strike at that time. At that time, Liu Shaoqi edited the first publication Anyuan Xunxun, which was an internal publication. Later, Liu Shaoqi served as deputy secretary and vice chairman of the Federation of Trade Unions, and edited a series of party building publications. Liu Shaoqi served as the political commissar of the New Fourth Army and the top leader of the Party in East China, and served as the president of Jianghuai Daily. Later, when he came to Xibaipo, he and Comrade Zhu De set up the Central Working Committee and founded the People’s Daily in accordance with Mao Zedong’s instructions.
Zhou Enlai is also one of the main leaders of our party. He was the editor-in-chief of the school newspaper when he was in middle school and university. He was very active and left many things behind. During the May 4th Movement, he was also the editor-in-chief of Journal of Tianjin Student Union. Zhou Enlai has also written more than 100 articles for Tianjin’s largest newspaper, Deliberation. During the Anti-Japanese War, he served as the chairman of Xinhua Daily, the party’s organ newspaper in Kuomintang-controlled areas, and the director of Yan ‘an Broadcasting Committee.
Deng Xiaoping, a younger proletarian revolutionary of the first generation, participated in the party’s newspaper work twice in history. Once in Paris in 1920, he participated in the editing work of "Youth" and "Red Light". The second time was an accidental opportunity. He became the editor-in-chief of a newspaper, because at that time, he was labeled as a "right-wing group" of Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zetan, Xie Weijun and Cooper, and he was reduced to a researcher in a village. He could be killed at any time. Wang Jiaxiang, director of the General Political Department, transferred Deng Xiaoping to the Propaganda Unit of the General Political Department, and edited the Red Star, the organ of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants, from August 1933 to January 1935.
Five, Mao Zedong’s party newspaper thought and news thought.
1.1942 Yan ‘an Liberation Daily was revised.
Mao Zedong’s party newspaper thought was put forward in 1942. On May 11th, 1941, Liberation Daily, the organ newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, was founded. At that time, Comrade Bo Gu was appointed as the president. Bo Gu didn’t make up a big newspaper, only a few tabloids. He referred to Pravda. Pravda takes the international as its reporting object, and its guiding ideology is news-oriented. The layout adopted by Bo Gu is one international, two domestic, three border regions and four headquarters. Headlines are often international news, such as the Spanish civil war and the Soviet-German battlefield, which people at that time could not accept. Mao Zedong discovered this problem and changed the layout to: one side, two areas, three domestic and four international supplements. On March 31st, 1942, Mao Zedong said at the forum on revision: "Using Liberation Daily should be one of the regular business work of various organs. After the newspaper spreads the experience of a department, it can promote the transformation of other work. " Mao Zedong regards newspapers as the duty of leading work, and his duty is to guide the work through newspapers, which conforms to the national conditions of the base areas. Because at that time, there was almost no other way to communicate between the central and local governments except telegrams. Sending newspapers has become a very important way of communication. Therefore, the main points of Mao’s party newspaper thought are: guiding the work through newspapers. Under the influence of Mao Zedong, Bo Gu’s party newspaper thought changed completely. Later, some important reports in Liberation Daily were drafted by Bo Gu.
On April 8, 1948, Mao Zedong summarized the thought of the party newspaper as the following famous saying: "The strength and function of the newspaper lies in its ability to make the party’s program, line, principles and policies, tasks and working methods meet the masses most quickly and extensively."
2. Mao Zedong on the party spirit of the party newspaper and the party’s propaganda work.
There are only three places where Mao Zedong can talk about party spirit and news and propaganda work. The first time was on March 14th, 1942, when Mao Zedong sent a telegram to Zhou Enlai informing that Jiefang Daily was going to be revised: "There have been discussions about Jiefang Daily, so as to enhance the party spirit and reflect the masses." Liberation Daily is not without party spirit, but it does not put party spirit first, so it should be strengthened. The second time was on October 28th, 1942. At that time, four branches of Xinhua News Agency published many articles against the Kuomintang, which created an impression in public opinion that communist party was ready to break with the Kuomintang. But the central government didn’t mean it at all. So Mao Zedong sent a telegram to the leaders of various regions about correctly propagating the party’s policies: "Make sure that the propaganda of news agencies and newspapers fully conforms to the party’s policies, and make sure that our propaganda enhances party spirit." It shows that we should correctly publicize the party. The third time was in May, 1957, when Mao Zedong criticized the Party’s newspaper struggle in the anti-rightist struggle, he said, "They denied the party spirit and class nature of newspapers …" It was not the Rightists who criticized them, but many central newspapers.
Mao Zedong’s connotation of party spirit in journalism can be summarized into two main points: first, the overall awareness of the party, and efforts to publicize the party’s principles and policies; Second, news and propaganda work should conform to the party’s policies and strategies.
3. The basic working methods of party newspapers: typical reports.
On April 30th, 1942, the headline communication of Liberation Daily in Yan ‘an, "Wu Manyou, a model rural labor hero", was praised by Mao Zedong, and Wu became the first model in the border area. So the Liberation Daily was encouraged and publicized it every day. Since then, more than 600 typical figures and units have been publicized, with good results. It was closed until March 1927. This incident has greatly stimulated Mao Zedong, and has always encouraged the promotion of typical examples. Until the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Mao Zedong gave the People’s Daily eight words: "There should be more typical ones and less comprehensive ones". This means that the People’s Daily should publish more typical and specific things and less empty talk. Typical reports played a very important role at that time. Because the society at that time was quite closed, we could live with a little information and be brilliant with a little sunshine. With this information, farmers will follow it. Because people like Wu Manyou are close to farmers and very kind. So when Wu Man paid public grain, everyone paid public grain, and Wu Man had spring sowing, so everyone planted it in spring.
Why is our typical report quite successful after liberation? After liberation, we were surrounded by imperialism, the whole of China was surrounded, the information was closed, and people around us were what they were. The biggest example is Lei Feng, who can move the whole of China. Now that the reform and opening up have been carried out, there has been communication and comparison, and it will not be effective to be typical every day. After all, Mao Zedong’s thought of typical reporting was realistic and reasonable at that time, but now it is necessary to keep pace with the times.
4. The whole party and the masses run newspapers.
There are two different explanations about "the whole party runs a newspaper".
One is that every catering unit, including the blackboard newspaper, should be led by the chief to run a newspaper, so that there are thousands of newspapers in the border area, which is called running a newspaper by the whole party. The other means that all party member should support newspaper work, and party secretaries at all levels should write editorials for newspapers.
5. Newspaper criticism
In 1950, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s decision to carry out criticism and self-criticism in newspapers and periodicals was revised by Liu Shaoqi. In 1954, Mao Zedong put forward the policy of "opening, improving and managing" in newspaper criticism. Now it is transformed into public opinion supervision.
6. "Three Smells" Viewpoint
Put forward in 1957: news, old news, unknown. Mao Zedong said that when some news happens, it is necessary to report it as soon as possible. Some news has happened and we deliberately don’t report it. When it gets old, it is old news. Some news happens, and we never report it, so it’s called ignorance or ignorance. This view is the view of class struggle. This thinking was reasonable at that time, but now I’m afraid it will keep pace with the times, and information disclosure has become a world trend.
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8. Five Functions of Provincial Party Newspapers
Mao Zedong put forward that party newspapers have the functions of organizing, encouraging, encouraging, criticizing and promoting (January 1958), which became the propaganda mobilization order of the Great Leap Forward.
14. "Public opinion is uniform" and "public opinion is not uniform"
In 1955, it was put forward: "It is impossible and inappropriate to make’ public opinion uniform’." "Our public opinion is uniform and not uniform. Among the people, advanced people and backward people are allowed to freely use our newspapers, publications, forums, etc. to compete, so that advanced people can educate backward people in a democratic and persuasive way and overcome backward ideas and systems. " For counter-revolutionaries, "only they are allowed to behave themselves, and they are not allowed to talk nonsense. Here, not only public opinion is uniform, but also the law is uniform."
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(Recording and finishing Shen Linfang This article has not been reviewed by myself)
